The Racial Profiling Debate No Pros, Only Cons

The debate over racial profiling never leaves the news, but many people lack a clear understanding of what it is, let alone its purported pros and cons.  In a nutshell, racial profiling factors into how authorities identify  individuals suspected of various crimes, including terrorism, illegal immigration or drug trafficking. Opponents of racial profiling argue that not only is targeting members of certain groups unfair, but it is also ineffective in tackling crime. Although the practice garnered much support after the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, the case against racial profiling outlines how it has routinely fallen short, even proving to be a hindrance in legal investigations. Defining Racial Profiling Before delving into the argument against racial profiling, its necessary to identify just what the practice is. In a 2002 speech at Santa Clara University Law School, then California Chief Deputy Attorney General Peter Siggins defined racial profiling as a practice that refers to government activity directed at a suspect or group of suspects because of their race, whether intentional or because of the disproportionate numbers of contacts based upon other pre-textual reasons.   In other words, sometimes authorities question a person based solely on race because they believe a particular group is more likely to commit certain crimes. Other times, racial profiling may occur indirectly. Say certain goods are being smuggled into the United States. Each smuggler law enforcement apprehends has ties to a certain country. Thus, being an immigrant from that country is likely to be included in the profile authorities craft of what to look for when trying to spot the smugglers. But is just being from that country enough to give authorities reason to suspect someone of smuggling? Racial profiling opponents argue that such a reason is discriminatory and too broad in scope. Origins Criminologists credit Howard Teten, former FBI chief of research, with popularizing profiling, according to Time magazine. In the 1950s, Teten profiled by attempting to pinpoint a criminals personality traits through evidence left at crime scenes, including how the perpetrator committed the crime. By the early 1980s, Tetens techniques had trickled down to local police departments. However, many of these law enforcement agencies lacked sufficient training in psychology to profile successfully. Moreover, while Teten profiled mostly in homicide investigations, local police departments were using profiling in mundane crimes such as robberies, Time reports. Enter the crack-cocaine epidemic of the 1980s. Then, the Illinois State Police began targeting drug runners in the Chicago area. Most of the first couriers the state police apprehended were young, Latino males who failed to give satisfactory answers when asked where they were headed, Time reports. So, the state police developed a profile of the young, Hispanic, confused male as drug runner. Before long, the Drug Enforcement Agency developed a strategy similar to the Illinois State Polices, leading to the seizure of 989,643 kilograms of illegal narcotics by 1999. While this feat was undeniably impressive, it doesnt reveal how many innocent Latino men were stopped, searched and apprehended by police during the war on drugs. Evidence Against the Practice Amnesty International argues that the use of racial profiling to stop drug couriers on highways proved ineffective. The human rights organization cites a 1999 survey by the Department of Justice to make its point. The survey found that, while officers disproportionately focused on drivers of color, they found drugs on 17  percent  of whites searched but on just 8  percent  of blacks. A similar survey in New Jersey found that while, once again, drivers of color were searched more, state troopers found drugs on 25  percent  of whites searched compared to on 13  percent  of blacks and on 5  percent  of Latinos searched. Amnesty International also references a study of the U.S. Customs Services practices by Lamberth Consulting to make the case against racial profiling. The study found that, when Customs agents stopped using racial profiling to identify drug smugglers and focused on suspects behavior, they raised their rate of productive searches by more than 300 percent. Hampering Criminal Investigations Racial profiling has undermined some high-profile criminal investigations. Take the Oklahoma City bombings of 1995. In that case, officers initially investigated the bombings with Arab males in mind as suspects. As it turned out, white American men committed the crime. Similarly, during the Washington D.C. area sniper investigation, the African  American man and boy ultimately accused of the crime reportedly were able to pass through multiple road blocks with the alleged murder weapon in their possession, in part, because police profilers theorized the crime had been committed by a white male acting alone, Amnesty points out. Other cases in which racial profiling proved futile were the arrests of John Walker Lindh, who is white; Richard Reid, a British citizen of West Indian and European ancestry; Jose Padilla, a Latino; and Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, a Nigerian; on terrorism-related charges. None of these men fit the profile of Arab terrorist and indicate that the authorities should focus on ones behavior rather than on ones race or national origin in targeting terrorism suspects. Senior international security experts have suggested, for example, that such an approach would have increased the chances that suspected shoe-bomber Richard Reid would have been stopped before he successfully boarded an airplane he intended to attack, Amnesty International asserts. More Effective Methods of Criminal Profiling During his address to Santa Clara University Law School, Siggins described methods other than racial profiling law enforcement could use to pinpoint terrorists and other criminals. Authorities, he argued, should combine what they know about other terrorists in the U.S. with information obtained through investigations of these individuals to avoid casting too wide of a net. For example, authorities could ask: Have the subjects passed bad checks? Do they (have) multiple forms of identification with different names? Do they live in groups with no visible means of support? Does a subject use credit cards with different names on them? Siggins suggests. Ethnicity alone is not enough. If ethnic profiling of Middle Eastern men is enough to warrant disparate treatment, we accept that all or most Middle Eastern men have a proclivity for terrorism, just as during World War II, all resident Japanese had a proclivity for espionage. In fact, in the case of World War II, 10 people were convicted of spying for Japan during the course of the conflict, according to Amnesty International. None of these individuals were of Japanese, or Asian, descent. Yet, the U.S. forced more than 110,000 Japanese nationals and Japanese Americans to evacuate from their homes and be relocated in internment camps. In this situation, the fallout from racial profiling proved tragic. What to Do if Police Stop You Law enforcement may have good cause to stop you. Perhaps your tags are expired, your taillight is out or you committed a traffic violation. If you suspect something else, such as racial profiling, is to blame for being stopped, visit the American Civil Liberties Unions  Web site. The ACLU advises individuals stopped by police not to get combative with the authorities or threaten them. However, you dont have to consent to any search of yourself, your car or your house without a search warrant from police, with some exceptions. If police claim to have a search warrant, make sure to read it, the ACLU cautions. Write down everything you remember about your interaction with police as soon as possible. These notes will help if you report a violation of your rights to the police departments internal affairs division or civilian board.

History of the Iron Lung or Respirator

By definition, the iron lung is an airtight metal tank that encloses all of the body except the head and forces the lungs to inhale and exhale through regulated changes in air pressure. According to Robert Hall author of History of the British Iron Lung, the first scientist to appreciate the mechanics of respiration was John Mayow. John Mayow In 1670, John Mayow demonstrated that air is drawn into the lungs by enlarging the thoracic cavity. He built a model using bellows inside which was inserted a bladder. Expanding the bellows caused air to fill the bladder and compressing the bellows expelled air from the bladder. This was the principle of artificial respiration called external negative pressure ventilation or ENPV that would lead to the invention of the iron lung and other respirators. Iron Lung Respirator - Philip Drinker The first modern and practical respirator nicknamed the iron lung was invented by Harvard medical researchers Philip Drinker and Louis Agassiz Shaw in 1927. The inventors used an iron box and two vacuum cleaners to build their prototype respirator. Almost the length of a subcompact car, the iron lung exerted a push-pull motion on the chest. In 1927, the first iron lung was installed at Bellevue hospital in New York City. The first patients of the iron lung were polio sufferers with chest paralysis. Later, John Emerson improved upon Philip Drinker’s invention and invented an iron lung that cost half as much to manufacture.

Sample Paper Apa - the Conspiracy

Sample Paper Apa - the Conspiracy You will be happy you filled up the purchase form. Generally the format following constitutes a substantial portion of the grade, which is why in order to acquire high results students have to be familiar with important style peculiarities and ought to follow them to the dot. When many students don't have an opportunity to order a paper or would like to create it on their own, using online samples are sometimes a good way out. They decide to download such samples in order to get an overall idea of how the assignment should look like and what key points should be added. Some readers will be considering research methods utilised in your work while others might read certain points mentioned in your research. Also, the duration of a literature review and the essential range of sources will change based on course and instructor preferences. 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Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"Hey fatty – lose some weight. † Do you believe this sound like a female parent who is superior? Harmonizing to the Western thought of what good parenting includes this would be unbearable. but if you consider this from an Eastern point of position this wouldn’t be incorrect or unnatural. In extra it seems that Chinese parents can acquire off with things that Western parents can’t which alludes to speak about two different child-rearing methods which merely has one thing in common – they do what they think is best for the kid. Amy Chua is an fervent protagonist of the eastern manner of conveying up kids and exposes some of her parentage experiences in her article â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior† . In that instance one is tempted to inquire – is it so wholly right to overrule a child’s penchants in order to do them work even harder? The article â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior† was published in The Wall S treet Journal on January 8th 2011 and is an infusion from a book publication â€Å"Battle Cry of The Tiger Mother† . We will write a custom essay sample on Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The author and for this ground the transmitter of the article is Amy Chua who is a professor at Yale Law School in the United States. and explains in her point how she through a unsmooth and disciplinary manner has reared her two girls who has been forced to be subjected to homework and legion of hours in forepart of the piano. As Amy Chua expresses do Chinese parents have their ain definable parenting accomplishments which they implement throughout an upbringing. For unlike western parents slackly. Amy Chua high spots that Chinese parents have one word in head they ever attend to implement in each facet of a child’s route to adulthood and that is subject. It is hence widely realized that Amy Chua witting attempts to exemplify that the western civilization and Chinese ethnicity are opposed to each other when it comes to rearing. She clarifies a â€Å"we† against â€Å"them† who strengthen her debate because she basically includes her opposition. â€Å"First. Iâ €™ve noticed that Western parents are highly dying about their children’s self-pride. They worry about how their kids will experience if they fail at something. and they invariably try to reassure their kids about how good they are notwithstanding a second-rate public presentation on a trial or at a narration. In other words. Western parents are concerned about their children’s minds. † Amy Chua is besides lucubrating on her claims utilizing grounds of what she’s reasoning for. By making this she seems more true and converting fundamentally because she substantiates her claims. â€Å"What Chinese parents understand is that nil is fun until you’re good at it. To acquire good at anything you have to work. and kids on their ain neer want to work. which is why it is important to overrule their preferences† As a effect hereof the receiving systems and readers of her article sense that much of the information we are given comes from a personal position and cognition. Therefore the text is to a great extent influenced by the author’s subjectiveness. She strongly grants favor to the Chinese method which can shock the readers because she is pass oning to a Western civilization and assail the Western manner of managing upbringing. However Amy Chua manage to do usage of the Sons entreaty which she does by the proviso of statistics â€Å"In one surv ey of 50 Western American female parents and 48 Chinese immigrant female parents. about 70 % of the Western female parents said either that â€Å"stressing academic success is non good for children† or that â€Å"parents need to further the thought that larning is fun† By contrast. approximately 0 % of the Chinese female parents felt the same manner. † This shows that the transmitter knows how dominating and converting it is to hold support from other beginnings. Besides logos Amy Chua besides uses poignancy to appeal to her receiving systems. but it is indispensable to acknowledge that she’s non making this on intent. The ground why phatos is represented is this instance is caused by the virtuous outrage people get when they read about her mode of upbringing her ain kids. The major portion of Western people feel insulted or else offended and even provoked and hassled because of her statements. With that Amy Chua is able to take the receiving systems go through an full concatenation of emotions and that is caused by poignancy. Her manner of engage the reader is hence really telling because she has her debate under control which means that her statements are substantiated. After all is it though hard to see her debate as reasoned based on her subjective line of attack. But still her rhetorical agency has a good consequence. The message is clear – Chinese female parents are superior harmonizing to Amy Chua and her sentiment is every bit apparent as a pikestaff. Her debate will possibly seems persuasive but it’s of import non to ignore the effects of following Amy Chua’s values and methods of upbringing. First of all there is a chief difference between the Eastern manner of conveying up kids which is much more directed by demands than it is in the Western universe where the delivery up is directed by permissions. It’s debatable that Amy Chua refers to the Western parents as weak. irresponsible and anti dictator in contrast to Chua’s strong. responsible and autocratic parentage. Even further it is flooring that she recommends the usage of monikers against kids – such as â€Å"Hey fatty – lose some weight† . In my point of position this verges on inhuman treatment to kids or kid maltreatment. This sort of child-rearing is lay waste toing to the develop ment of an independent personality and to be capable of trailing ain ends in life. If you as a parent choose to follow some of Amu Chua’s methods and values is it non without effects. If you actualize Chua’s methods haven’t you considered your child’s felicity and wellbeing. It is of import to convey values and virtuousnesss which make it possible for the kid to obtain a happy life – because success without happiness isn’t success. If you set up demands like the manner Chua does it will exterior consequences be a standard of a good life and this is non efficient. Because the result of this child-rearing method will non merely be a portion of a child’s adolescence. it will be a portion of them for the remainder of their life. But after all there shouldn’t be any inquiries about the fact that the chief responsibility of a parent in malice of one’s beginning is to guarantee their child’s opportunities for future success. There genuinely exists different ways to obtain this victory but Chua’s method has its drawbacks. Because most kids under these fortunes do non believe in their ain abilities and w ill in worst scenario turn out as little automatons because they are raised to make what they have been asked to make. They will lose the believe in their intuition and most of them will see a childhood where appraisal of intelligent do better than to pursuit ain passions.